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Food and culinary science -------- A: Abalone - Apple cider vinegar -------- B: Bacon - Brown sugar -------- C: Calamari - Cumin -------- D: Dill - Dungeness crab -------- E: Egg salad - Eggs Benedict -------- F: Falafel - Flour -------- G: Garlic - Gumbo -------- H: Habanero - Hummus -------- I: Ice cream - Irish stew -------- J: Jalapeno - Jambalaya -------- K: Kebab - Knish -------- L: Leek - Lentil -------- M: Mango - Mustard -------- N: Nutella - Nutmeg -------- O: Oats - Oregano -------- P: Paprika - Provolone cheese -------- Q: Quiche - Quesadilla -------- R: Radish - Roux -------- S: Saffron - Star anise -------- T: Taco - Tomato paste -------- V: Vanilla - Vinegar -------- W: White vinegar - Worcestershire sauce -------- Y: Yam - Yeast Economics ---- Terminology -------- B: Bonds - Bonus shares -------- C: Cash Reserve Ratio - Current account deficit -------- D: Debentures - Debt market -------- E: Equity -------- F: Foreign exchange reserves -------- G: Gross Domestic Product -------- I: Initial Public Offering - Institutional investors -------- M: Market orders - Mutual funds -------- N: New fund offer -------- O: Open-end funds -------- P: Per capita income - Preferred shares -------- R: Repo rate - Repurchase agreement -------- S: Securities - Shares -------- T: Trade deficit The Holy Bible ---- Corinthians ---- Ephesians ---- Hebrews ---- Isaiah ---- James ---- Job ---- John ---- Life and sayings of Jesus ---- Matthew ---- Psalms ---- Proverbs ---- Book of Ecclesiastes Quotes to remember


FOOD AND CULINARY SCIENCE

A

Abalone - Abalone is a common name for small to very large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Haliotidae. The flesh of abalones is widely considered to be a desirable food and is consumed raw or cooked by a variety of cultures. In California, abalone meat can be found on pizza, sauteed with caramelized mango or in steak form dusted with cracker meal and flour.

Aioli - Aioli is a sauce made of garlic, salt and olive oil and found in the cuisines of the northwest Mediterranean (Spain, France and Italy). Some versions of the sauce are closer to a garlic mayonnaise, incorporating egg yolks and lemon juice, whereas other versions are without egg yolk and have more garlic. There are many variations, such as adding lemon juice or other seasonings.

Allspice - Allspice, also known as Jamaica pepper, myrtle pepper or pimento, is the dried unripe berry of Pimenta dioica, a midcanopy tree native to the Greater Antilles, Mexico and Central America, now cultivated in many warm parts of the world. The name 'allspice' was coined by the English, who valued it as a spice that combined the flavor of cinnamon, nutmeg and clove.

Allspice is one of the most important ingredients of Caribbean cuisine. Under the name pimento, it is used in Jamaican jerk seasoning

Anaheim pepper - The Anaheim pepper is a mild, medium-sized chili pepper originating in New Mexico and named after the city of Anaheim, CA, that grows to 6-10 inches in length. It is often used for cooking when green, though it can also be used when ripe and red.

Anise - Anise, also called aniseed or rarely anix, is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia. The flavor and aroma of its seeds have similarities with some other spices, such as star anise, fennel and liquorice. It is widely cultivated and used to flavor food and alcoholic drinks

Apple cider vinegar - Apple cider vinegar or cider vinegar, is a vinegar made from fermented apple juice and used in salad dressings, marinades, vinaigrettes, food preservatives and chutneys. It is made by crushing apples, squeezing out the juice and adding bacteria and yeast to the liquid to start the fermentation which converts the sugars to alcohol. In a second fermentation step, the alcohol is converted into vinegar by acetic acid-forming bacteria (Acetobacter species). Acetic acid and malic acid combine to give vinegar its sour taste



B

Bacon - Bacon is a type of salt-cured pork made from various cuts, typically from the pork belly or from the less fatty back cuts. It is eaten on its own, as a side dish (particularly in breakfasts) or used as a minor ingredient to flavor dishes. Bacon dishes include bacon and eggs, bacon, lettuce and tomato (BLT) sandwiches, Cobb salad and various bacon-wrapped foods, such as scallops, shrimp and asparagus.

Bacon fat liquefies and becomes drippings when it is heated. Once cool, it firms into a form of lard. Bacon fat is flavorful and is used as a base for cooking and as an all-purpose flavoring, for everything from gravy to cornbread to salad dressing

Bagel - A bagel is a bread product originating in the Jewish communities of Poland. It is traditionally shaped by hand into the form of a ring from yeasted wheat dough, roughly hand-sized, that is first boiled for a short time in water and then baked. The result is a dense, chewy, doughy interior with a browned and sometimes crisp exterior. Bagels are often topped with seeds baked on the outer crust, with the traditional ones being poppy and sesame seeds. Bagels are eaten toasted or untoasted

Baking powder - Baking powder is a dry chemical leavening agent, a mixture of a carbonate or bicarbonate and a weak acid. The base and acid are prevented from reacting prematurely by the inclusion of a buffer such as cornstarch. Baking powder is used to increase the volume and lighten the texture of baked goods. It works by releasing carbon dioxide into a batter or dough through an acid-base reaction, causing bubbles in the wet mixture to expand and thus leavening the mixture.

Most commercially available baking powders are made up of baking soda and one or more acid salts.

Baking soda - Sodium bicarbonate or baking soda is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste and is used in baking as a leavening agent. When it reacts with acid, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes, cakes, quick breads, soda bread and other baked and fried foods

Banana - A banana is an elongated, edible fruit, botanically a berry, produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa, native to South East Asia and Oceania. Bananas are a staple starch for many tropical populations. Depending upon cultivar and ripeness, the flesh can vary in taste from starchy to sweet and texture from firm to mushy

Barbecue - Barbecue or barbeque is a cooking method, a style of food and a name for a meal or gathering at which this style of food is cooked and served. Barbecuing techniques include smoking, roasting and grilling. The technique for which it is named involves cooking using smoke at low temperatures and long cooking times (several hours). Grilling is done over direct, dry heat, usually over a hot fire for a few minutes.

Basil - Basil is a culinary herb of the family Lamiaceae (mints). Basil is native to tropical regions from central Africa to Southeast Asia. The leaves may taste somewhat like anise, with a strong, pungent, often sweet smell.

Basil is most commonly used fresh in recipes. In general, it is added at the last moment, as cooking quickly destroys the flavor. Basil is one of the main ingredients in pesto, a green Italian oil-and-herb sauce

Bay leaf - is an aromatic leaf that comes from several plants, such as Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae), California bay leaf (Umbellularia californica, Lauraceae), Indian bay leaf (Cinnamomum tamala, Lauraceae), Indonesian bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum, Myrtaceae), West Indian bay leaf, (Pimenta racemosa, Myrtaceae) and Mexican bay leaf (Litsea glaucescens, Lauraceae).

Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavor and fragrance. The leaves are used to flavor soups, stews, braises and pates in many countries. The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavor until several weeks after picking and drying

Bell pepper - The bell pepper (also known as sweet pepper) is the fruit of plants in the species Capsicum annuum. The fruits are of different colors, including red, yellow, orange, green, white and purple. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as 'sweet peppers'. While they are fruits, botanically classified as berries, they are commonly used as a vegetable ingredient or side dish. Peppers are native to Mexico, Central America and northern South America.

Blanching - Blanching is a cooking process in which a food, usually a vegetable or fruit, is scalded in boiling water, removed after a brief interval and finally plunged into iced water or placed under cold running water to halt the cooking process. Blanching foods helps reduce quality loss over time. Blanching is often used prior to freezing, drying or canning vegetables or fruits to inactivate enzymes, modify texture, remove the peel and wilt tissue. Blanching is also utilized to preserve color, flavor, and nutritional value

Braising - Braising (from the French word braiser) is a combination-cooking method that uses both wet and dry heats. Typically, the food is first sauteed or seared at a high temperature, then finished in a covered pot at a lower temperature while sitting in a variable amount of liquid which may also add flavor. Braising of meat is often referred to as pot roasting

Bread - Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour (usually wheat) and water, usually by baking. It is one of the oldest human-made foods. Bread may be leavened by naturally occurring microbes (e.g sourdough), chemicals (e.g baking soda), industrially produced yeast or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread

Brisket - a cut of meat from the breast or lower chest of beef or veal. The beef brisket is one of the nine beef primal cuts. The brisket has a significant amount of connective tissue, so the resulting meat must be cooked correctly to tenderize it

Brown sugar - Brown sugar is a sucrose sugar product with a distinctive brown color due to the presence of molasses. It is either unrefined or partially refined soft sugar consisting of sugar crystals with some residual molasses content (natural brown sugar) or it is produced by the addition of molasses (up to 10%) to refined white sugar (commercial brown sugar).

Brown sugar adds flavor to desserts and baked goods. It caramelizes much more readily than refined sugar and this effect can be used to make glazes and gravies brown while cooking

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C

Calamari - is the culinary name for squid

Cardamom - Cardamom (sometimes cardamon or cardamum), is a spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the family Zingiberaceae. Both genera are native to the Indian subcontinent and Indonesia. They are recognized by their small seed pods: triangular in cross-section and spindle-shaped, with a thin, papery outer shell and small, black seeds.

The two main types of cardamom are - True or green cardamom and Black cardomom. Both forms of cardamom are used as flavorings and cooking spices in both food and drink. Cardamom is the world's third-most expensive spice, surpassed in price per weight only by vanilla and saffron.

Cassava - is the edible starchy tuberous root of a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. Cassava is predominantly consumed in boiled form, but substantial quantities are used to extract cassava starch, called tapioca, which is used for food and animal feed.

Cassava is the third-largest source of food carbohydrates in the tropics, after rice and maize and is a major staple food in the developing world. Cassava must be cooked properly to detoxify it before it is eaten. Cassava can be cooked in many ways. The root of the sweet variety has a delicate flavor and can replace potatoes. It can be made into a flour that is used in breads, cakes and cookies.

Cayenne pepper - The cayenne pepper is a type of Capsicum annum and is a moderately hot chili pepper. Cayenne peppers are a group of tapering, 10 to 25 cm long, generally skinny, mostly red-colored peppers, often with a curved tip and rippled skin, which hang from the bush as opposed to growing upright. Most varieties are generally rated at 30,000 to 50,000 Scoville units. Cayenne is used in cooking spicy dishes either as a powder or in its whole form.

Celery - Celery (Apium graveolens) is a marshland plant in the family Apiaceae that has been cultivated as a vegetable since antiquity. Celery has a long fibrous stalk tapering into leaves. The stalks can be eaten raw, as an ingredient in salads or as a flavoring in soups, stews and pot roasts. The leaves are strongly flavored and are used less often, either as a flavoring in soups and stews or as a dried herb. Celery seed is also used as a spice.

Celery, onions, and bell peppers are the 'holy trinity' of Louisiana Creole and Cajun cuisine. Celery, onions, and carrots make up the French mirepoix, often used as a base for sauces and soups.

Cheddar cheese - Cheddar cheese (or simply cheddar) is a natural cheese that is relatively hard, off-white (or orange if colorings such as annatto are added) and sometimes sharp-tasting. It originates from the English village of Cheddar in Somerset. Cheddar is produced all over the world

Cheese - Cheese is a dairy product derived from milk and produced in wide ranges of flavors, textures and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats or sheep. During production, the milk is usually acidified and adding the enzymes of rennet (or bacterial enzymes with similar activity) causes the milk proteins (casein) to coagulate. The solids (curd) are separated from the liquid (whey) and pressed into final form. Some cheeses have aromatic molds on the rind, the outer layer, or throughout. Most cheeses melt at cooking temperature.

Over a thousand types of cheese exist and are currently produced in various countries. Their styles, textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk, whether they have been pasteurized, the butterfat content, the bacteria and mold, the processing and how long they have been aged for. Herbs, spices, or wood smoke may be used as flavoring agents

Chili con carne - Chili con carne (also shortened to chili or chilli), meaning 'chili with meat', is a spicy stew containing chili peppers, meat (usually beef), tomatoes and optionally kidney beans. Other seasonings may include garlic, onions and cumin. The dish originated in northern Mexico or southern Texas

Chilli pepper - The chilli pepper (also chile, chili) is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum which are members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae, originating in Mexico. Chili peppers are widely used in many cuisines as a spice to add heat to dishes.

A wide range of intensity is found in commonly used peppers: Bell pepper - 0 SHU, New Mexico green chile - 0 to 70,000 SHU, Fresno, jalapeno - 3,500 to 10,000 SHU, Cayenne - 30,000 to 50,000 SHU, Piri piri - 50,000 to 100,000 SHU, Habanero, Scotch bonnet, bird's eye - 100,000 to 350,000 SHU

Chipotle - is a smoke-dried ripe jalapeno chili pepper used for seasoning. It is a chili used primarily in Mexican and Mexican-inspired cuisines, such as Tex-Mex and Southwestern dishes, and impart a relatively mild but earthy spiciness. Chipotle is used, typically in powdered form, as an ingredient in both homemade and commercial products, including some brands of barbecue sauce and hot sauce

Chocolate - is made from roasted and ground cocoa seed kernels and is available as a liquid, solid or paste. The seeds of the cocoa tree have an intense bitter taste and must be fermented to develop the flavor. Chocolate is used in cakes, desserts, candies and cookies and also in hot and cold beverages like hot chocolate.

Chorizo - Chorizo is a fermented, cured, smoked sausage of Spanish and Portuguese origin, which may be sliced and eaten without cooking or added as an ingredient to add flavor to other dishes. Spanish and Portuguese chorizos get their distinctive smokiness and deep red color from dried, smoked, red peppers

Cilantro - See Coriander

Cinnamon - Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum. Cinnamon is used mainly as an aromatic condiment and flavoring additive in a wide variety of cuisines, sweet and savory dishes, breakfast cereals, snack foods, tea and traditional foods.

Clam - Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs that mostly live halfway buried in the sand of the seafloor or riverbeds. Clams have two shells of equal size connected by two adductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot. They live in both freshwater and marine environments and the widest variety of clams is in North America.

Clams in the culinary sense do not live attached to a substrate (whereas oysters and mussels do) and do not live near the bottom (whereas scallops do). In culinary usage, clams are commonly eaten boiled and the resulting soup is clam chowder.

Clam chowder - Clam chowder is any of several chowder soups in American cuisine containing clams and broth or milk. In addition to clams, common ingredients include diced potatoes, salt pork, onions and celery. It is believed that clams were used in chowder because of the relative ease of harvesting them. Clam chowder is usually served with saltine crackers or small, hexagonal oyster crackers.

Cocoa - The cocoa bean or simply cocoa is the dried and fully fermented seed of the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao) from which cocoa solids (a mixture of nonfat substances) and cocoa butter (the fat) can be extracted. Cocoa beans are the basis of chocolate. The cocoa tree is native to the Amazon rain forest and grows in hot, tropical regions

Coconut - is the fruit of the coconut palm trees that are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of the tropics. Coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid called coconut water or juice. Mature, ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds or processed for oil and plant milk from the flesh

Collard greens - Collard (Brassica oleracea) refers to certain loose-leafed plants, related to common vegetables like cabbage and broccoli. Collard is part of the Acephala group which includes kale and spring greens. The plants are grown as a food crop for their large, dark-green, edible leaves, mainly in Brazil, southern US, Africa and the Mediterranean.

Collard greens are a staple vegetable in Southern U.S. cuisine. They are often prepared with other similar green leaf vegetables such as spinach, kale, turnip greens and mustard greens in the dish called 'mixed greens'

Coriander - Coriander is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae, also known as Chinese parsley or dhania or cilantro. All parts of the plant are edible but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds (as a spice) are the parts most traditionally used in cooking.

Coriander is native to regions spanning from Southern Europe and Northern Africa to Southwestern Asia. It is a soft plant growing to 50 cm tall.

Corn starch - Starch is the most common carbohydrate and is contained in many staple foods. Corn starch or maize starch is the starch derived from corn (maize) grain. Corn starch is a common food ingredient, often used to thicken sauces or soups and to make corn syrup and other sugars. Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or alcohol

Corned beef - is salt-cured brisket of beef. The term comes from the treatment of the meat with large-grained rock salt, also called corns of salt. Sometimes sugar and spices are added to corned beef recipes. Corned beef is featured as an ingredient in many cuisines

Crayfish - also known as crawfish, are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters and are eaten worldwide. Like other edible crustaceans, only a small portion of the body of a crayfish is eaten. In most prepared dishes, only the tail portion is served

Cream - Cream is a dairy product composed of the higher-fat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization. It is sold in several grades depending on the total butterfat content. It can be dried to a powder for shipment to distant markets and contains high levels of saturated fat.

Half and Half (less than 18% fat content) is used to whiten coffee and tea, Light cream (18-30%) is used to whiten coffee and as an enriching ingredient in sauces and other recipes, Whipping cream (33%) is used in sauces and soups and as a pourable or whipped garnish and Heavy cream (more than 36%) for whipping and as a luxurious pourable garnish on fresh fruit and hot cereals

Creole cuisine - a style of cooking originating in Louisiana which blends West African, French, Spanish, Amerindian influences as well as influences from the general cuisine of the southern USA

Croquette - A croquette is a small cylinder of food consisting of a thick binder combined with a filling, which is breaded and deep-fried, and served as a side dish, a snack or fast food worldwide. The binder is typically a thick sauce or mashed potatoes. The binder may be mixed with a filling or may be stuffed with it. Typical fillings include finely chopped meat, seafood, cheese, rice, pasta or various vegetables as well as seasonings such as spices, herbs and mushrooms. Sweet croquettes may use a pastry cream binder and be filled with fruit. Croquettes may also be formed in other shapes like disks, ovals and balls

Cumin - Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to a territory including the Middle East and stretching east to India. Its seeds, each one contained within a fruit which is dried, are used in the cuisines of many cultures in both whole and ground form. Cumin has a distinctive flavor and aroma and imparts an earthy, warming and aromatic character to food.

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D

Dill - Dill (Anethum graveolens) is an annual herb in the celery family Apiaceae and is the only species in the genus Anethum. Dill is grown widely in Eurasia where its leaves and seeds are used as a herb or spice for flavoring food. In Europe, dill is a popular culinary herb used in the kitchen along with chives or parsley. Fresh, finely cut dill leaves are used as a topping in soups, especially the hot red borsht.

Dumpling - Dumpling is a broad classification for a dish that consists of pieces of dough wrapped around a filling or with no filling. The dough can be based on bread, flour or potatoes and may be filled with meat, fish, cheese, vegetables, fruits or sweets. Dumplings may be prepared using a variety of methods including baking, boiling, frying, simmering or steaming and are found in many world cuisines.

Dungeness crab - The Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus magister, is a species of crab that inhabits eelgrass beds and water bottoms on the west coast of North America. It typically grows to 20 cm across the carapace and is a popular seafood. Its common name comes from the port of Dungeness, WA

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E

Egg salad - is a dish made primarily of chopped hard-boiled or scrambled eggs, mustard and other ingredients bound by mayonnaise. A typical egg salad is made of chopped hard-boiled eggs, mayonnaise, mustard, minced celery and onion, salt, black pepper and paprika. A common use is as a filling for egg sandwiches. It is also often used as a topping for a green salad

Eggs Benedict - Eggs Benedict is a common American breakfast or brunch dish, consisting of two halves of an English muffin, each topped with Canadian bacon, a poached egg and hollandaise sauce. It was popularized in New York City

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F

Falafel - Falafel is a deep-fried ball or patty made from ground chickpeas (fava beans in Egypt) and is a traditional Middle Eastern food, commonly served in a pita, which acts as a pocket or wrapped in a flatbread known as taboon. Falafel also frequently refers to a wrapped sandwich that is prepared in this way. The falafel balls are topped with salads, pickled vegetables, hot sauce and drizzled with tahini-based sauces. Falafel balls may also be eaten alone as a snack or as appetizers.

Falafel is a common dish eaten throughout the Middle East. The fritters are now found around the world as a replacement for meat and as a form of street food.

Fennel - Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a flowering plant species in the carrot family. It is a hardy, perennial herb with yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It is indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean but has become widely naturalized in many parts of the world.

The bulb, foliage and fruits of the fennel plant are used in many of the culinary traditions of the world. Dried fennel fruit (incorrectly called as seed) is an aromatic, anise-flavored spice, brown or green in color when fresh, slowly turning a dull grey as the fruit ages. For cooking, green fruits are optimal. The leaves are delicately flavored and similar in shape to those of dill. The bulb is a crisp vegetable that can be sautéed, stewed, braised, grilled or eaten raw. Tender young leaves are used for garnishes, as a salad, to add flavor to salads, to flavor sauces to be served with puddings and also in soups and fish sauce. Both the inflated leaf bases and the tender young shoots can be eaten like celery

Fish sauce - Fish sauce is a liquid condiment made from fish or krill that have been coated in salt and fermented for up to two years. It is used as a staple seasoning in East and Southeast Asian cuisine.

For modern fish sauces, fish or shellfish (usually anchovy, shrimp, mackerel or other strong-flavored, high oil fish) is mixed with salt at a concentration of 10% to 30% and then sealed in a closed container for up to two years. Some variants add herbs and spices.

Following widespread recognition of its ability to impart a savory umami flavor to dishes, it has been embraced globally by chefs and home cooks. The umami flavor in fish sauce is due to its glutamate content. Fish sauce is added to dishes as a seasoning, but also used as a base in dipping sauces.

Flour - Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts or seeds and used to make many different foods. Cereal flour is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for most cultures. Wheat flour is the most commonly used flour while corn flour remains a staple in the Americas and rye flour is a constituent of bread in central and northern Europe.

The higher the protein content the harder and stronger the flour and the more it will produce crusty or chewy breads. The lower the protein the softer the flour, which is better for cakes, cookies and pie crusts. All-purpose or 'AP flour' flour has medium protein content and is ideal for many bread and pizza bases

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G

Garlic - Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, Allium and its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek and chive. It is native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran.

Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment. The garlic plant's bulb is the most commonly used part of the plant.

Garlic-flavored oil - is produced and used for cooking and seasoning purposes and is sometimes used as an ingredient in seasoning mixtures. This differs from essential garlic oil and typically involves the use of chopped, macerated or crushed garlic placed in various vegetable oils to flavor the oil

Garlic powder - Garlic powder is a seasoning that is derived from dehydrated garlic and used in cooking for flavor enhancement

Ginger - Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice. Ginger originated in South East Asia and was one of the first spices to be exported to Europe from Asia and was used by Greeks and Romans.

Ginger is a fragrant kitchen spice. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a mild taste and used as an ingredient in many dishes. They can be steeped in boiling water to make ginger herb tea, to which honey may be added. Ginger can be made into candy or ginger wine. Mature ginger rhizomes are fibrous and nearly dry

Gnocchi - (pronounced nyo-kee)are a variety of pasta consisting of various thick, small and soft dough dumplings that may be made from semolina, ordinary wheat flour, potato, egg, cheese, breadcrumbs, cornmeal or similar ingredients and possibly including flavorings of herbs, vegetables, cocoa or prunes.

The dough for gnocchi is most often rolled out before it is cut into small pieces about the size of a wine cork. The little dumplings are then pressed with a fork or a cheese grater to make ridges that can hold sauce. Alternatively, they are simply cut into little lumps. Gnocchi are usually eaten as a replacement for pasta in the first course, but they can also be served as a side dish to some main courses.

Goat pepper - The goat pepper is native to the Bahamas and related to the habanero. The pods are round and slightly squashed with ridges running vertically along sides. The pods start out dark green and ripen to a peach/orange color, resembling a mini pumpkin. It is a hot pepper with a sweet flesh making it popular for sauces.

Grits - a porridge made from boiled cornmeal (ground corn), prepared by adding four parts boiling water or milk (seasoned with 1/4 tsp of salt for each cup of liquid) to one part cornmeal and cooked for 20 to 45 minutes over medium-low heat, stirring regularly. Grits expand when cooked and need stirring to prevent sticking and lumps from forming.

Grits is eaten with a wide variety of foods such as eggs and bacon, fried catfish, salmon croquettes or country ham. Shrimp and grits is a traditional dish in South Carolina and Georgia

Gumbo - Gumbo is a heavily seasoned stew very popular in Louisiana Cajun and Creole cuisine, that combines several varieties of meat or seafood with a sauce or gravy. Gumbo consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, meat or shellfish, a thickener, and the Creole holy trinity - celery, bell peppers and onions. The dish simmers for a minimum of three hours, with shellfish and some spices added near the end and is traditionally served with rice.

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H

Habanero - The habanero is a hot variety of chili pepper. Unripe habaneros are green and they color as they mature. The most common color variants are orange and red, but the fruit may also be white, brown, yellow, green or purple. Typically, a ripe habanero is 2-6 cm long. Habanero chilis are very hot, rated 100,000-350,000 on the Scoville scale and the habanero's heat, flavor and floral aroma make it a popular ingredient in hot sauces and other spicy foods

Hash browns - also spelled hashed browns, are a popular American breakfast dish, consisting of finely chopped potatoes that have been fried on a large common cooktop or grill until browned. Hash browns may be prepared by either grating potato or forming riced potatoes into patties. Hash browns are a staple breakfast food at diners in North America

Hazelnut - the nut (fruit) of the hazel tree that is used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. Hazelnuts are used in baking, desserts and confectionery

Hog fish - The hog fish (Lachnolaimus maximus) is a species of wrasse native to the Western Atlantic Ocean, living in a range from Canada to northern South America, including the Gulf of Mexico. This species occurs around reefs and is the only known member of its genus.

The hog fish is characterized by a large, laterally compressed body shape. It possesses a very elongated pig-like snout, which it uses to search for crustaceans buried in the sediment. Hog fish are commonly targeted by many spear and reef fishermen and are regarded highly by many for their taste and food value.

Horseradish - Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, cabbage and radish). It is a root vegetable, cultivated and used worldwide as a spice and as a condiment. The species is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia.

Horseradish is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root that has a distinctive pungent taste from the compound allyl isothiocyanate.

Hummus - Hummus is a Middle Eastern dip, spread or savory dish made from cooked, mashed chickpeas blended with tahini, lemon juice and garlic. The standard garnish in the Middle East includes olive oil, a few whole chickpeas, parsley and paprika. In Middle Eastern cuisine, it is usually eaten as a dip, with pita bread. In the West, it is produced industrially and is often served as a snack or appetizer with crackers.

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I

Ice cream - Ice cream is a sweetened frozen dessert, made from milk or cream and flavored with a sweetener, either sugar or an alternative, and a spice such as cocoa or vanilla, or with fruit such as strawberries or peaches. It can also be made by whisking a flavored cream base and liquid nitrogen together. Food coloring is sometimes added in addition to stabilizers. The mixture is cooled below the freezing point of water and stirred to incorporate air spaces and to prevent detectable ice crystals from forming. The result is a smooth, semi-solid foam that is solid at very low temperatures which becomes more malleable as its temperature increases.

Immersion blender - An immersion blender is a kitchen blade grinder used to blend ingredients or puree food in the container in which they are being prepared. Immersion blenders are distinguished from worktop blenders and food processors that require food to be placed in a special vessel for processing.

Irish stew - is a stew native to Ireland that is traditionally made with root vegetables and lamb or mutton but also commonly with beef. Basic ingredients include boneless lamb or mutton as well as potatoes, onions and parsley. It may sometimes also include carrots. The stew is simmered for several hours and thickened with flour before serving.



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Jalapeno - The jalapeno is a medium-sized chili pepper of the species Capsicum annum. A mature jalapeno chili is 5-10 cm long and hangs down with a round, firm, smooth flesh 25-38 mm wide. It can have a range of pungency with Scoville heat units of 3,500 to 8,000. Commonly picked and consumed while still green, it is occasionally allowed to fully ripen and turn red, orange or yellow. It is wider and generally milder than the similar Serrano pepper

Jambalaya - is a Creole and Cajun rice dish of West African, French and Spanish influence, consisting mainly of meat and vegetables mixed with rice. Traditionally, the meat includes sausage of some sort, along with pork or chicken and less commonly seafood such as crawfish or shrimp. The vegetables are usually the 'holy trinity' in Cajun cooking, consisting of onion, celery and green bell pepper, though other vegetables such as okra, carrots, tomatoes, chilis and garlic are also used.

After browning and sauteeing the meat and vegetables, rice is added with seasonings and broth and the entire dish is cooked together until the rice is done.

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Kebab - Kebab is a cooked meat dish, with its origins in Middle Eastern cuisine. Many variants are popular around the world. Kebabs consist of cut up or ground meat, sometimes with vegetables and other accompaniments according to the specific recipe, that are typically cooked on a skewer over a fire. Some kebab dishes are baked in a pan in an oven or prepared as a stew

Knish - A knish is a traditional Jewish snack food consisting of a filling covered with dough that is typically baked or sometimes deep fried. The filling usually includes mashed potatoes, ground meat, sauerkraut, onions and cheese. Other varieties of fillings include sweet potatoes, black beans or spinach. Knishes may be round, rectangular or square and may be entirely covered in dough or some of the filling may peek out of the top. Sizes range from bite-sized to sandwich-sized

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Leek - Leek (Allium ampeloprasum) is a vegetable of the genus Allium that also contains onion, garlic, shallot, scallion and chive. Rather than forming a tight bulb like the onion, the leek produces a long cylinder of bundled leaf sheaths that are generally blanched by pushing soil around them.

Leeks have a mild, onion-like taste. In its raw state, the vegetable is crunchy and firm. The edible portions of the leek are the white base of the leaves (above the roots and stem base), the light green parts and to a lesser extent the dark green parts of the leaves.

Lemongrass - Cymbopogon, also known as lemongrass, is a genus of Asian, African, Australian and tropical island plants in the grass family. Some species (particularly Cymbopogon citratus) are commonly cultivated as culinary and medicinal herbs because of their scent, resembling that of lemons. Lemongrass is used as a herb in cooking, in addition to its use for the essential oils.

Lentil - Lentil is an edible legume from an annual plant (Lens culinaris), originating from the Middle East, with lens-shaped seeds that grow in pods. The seeds can be of various colors like red, yellow, green and brown and are often dehulled, split and polished. Lentils can be eaten soaked, germinated, fried, baked or boiled – the most common preparation method. In cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, where lentils are a staple, split lentils known as 'daal' are often cooked into a thick curry/gravy that is usually eaten with rice or rotis. Lentil flour can be produced by milling the seeds, like cereals

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Mango - A mango is an edible fruit produced by the tropical tree Mangifera indica, native to South and South East Asia. Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh varies across cultivars. Some such as Alphonso, have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe plum, while others such as Tommy Atkins, are firmer like a cantaloupe or avocado, with a fibrous texture.

Mayonnaise - Mayonnaise, informally mayo, is a thick cold sauce or dressing commonly used in sandwiches, hamburgers and composed salads. It also forms the base for many other sauces, such as tartar sauce, remoulade, salsa golf and rouille.

It is a mix of oil, egg yolk and an acid, either vinegar or lemon juice and there are many variants using additional flavorings. The color of mayonnaise varies from near-white to pale yellow, and its texture from a light cream to a thick gel.

Molasses - Molasses is a dark, viscous product resulting from refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar. Molasses varies by amount of sugar, method of extraction and age of plant. Molasses has a stronger flavor than other syrups and is a component of fine commercial brown sugar. Sugarcane molasses is primarily used for sweetening and flavoring foods.

Mozzarella cheese - a traditionally southern Italian cheese made from the milk of water buffalo or other cattle. Fresh mozzarella is generally white but may vary seasonally to slightly yellow depending on the animal's diet. It is available fresh, usually rolled into a ball of 6 -12 cm in diameter. It is soaked in salt water (brine) or whey and other times it is partly dried (desiccated), its structure being more compact.

Due to its high moisture content, it is traditionally served the day after it is made but can be kept in brine for up to a week or longer when sold in vacuum-sealed packages. Low-moisture mozzarella can be kept refrigerated for up to a month, though some shredded low-moisture mozzarella is sold with a shelf life of up to six months. Mozzarella of several kinds is used for most types of pizza and several pasta dishes or served with sliced tomatoes and basil in Caprese salad.

Mustard - The mustard plant is a plant species in the genera Brassica and Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae. Mustard seed is used as a spice. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard. The seeds can also be pressed to make mustard oil and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens.

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Nutella - is a brand of sweetened hazelnut cocoa spread manufactured by the Italian company Ferrero. Nutella is made from sugar, modified palm oil, hazelnuts, cocoa powder, skimmed milk powder, whey powder, soy lecithin and vanillin

Nutmeg - Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus Myristica. Myristica fragrans is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit - nutmeg, from its seed and mace, from the seed covering. It is also a commercial source of an essential oil and nutmeg butter.

Nutmeg and mace have similar sensory qualities, with nutmeg having a slightly sweeter and mace a more delicate flavour. Mace is often preferred in light dishes for the bright orange, saffron-like hue it imparts. Nutmeg is used for flavoring many dishes and nowadays is mostly found in Western supermarkets in ground or grated form

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Oats - The oat (Avena sativa) is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name. While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmeal and oat milk, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed

Old Bay seasoning - is a blend of herbs and spices that is marketed in the United States by McCormick & Company and originally created in Baltimore, Maryland. The seasoning mix includes celery salt, black pepper, crushed red pepper flakes and paprika

Olive oil - Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained from olives (the fruit of Olea europaea - family Oleaceae), a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean basin, produced by pressing whole olives and extracting the oil. Olive oil is the most common vegetable oil and is used in cooking, for frying foods or as a salad dressing. The olive is one of three core food plants in Mediterranean cuisine - the other two are wheat and grapes.

Olive oil consists mainly of oleic acid (up to 83%), with smaller amounts of other fatty acids including linoleic acid and palmitic acid). Extra virgin olive oil is required to have no more than 0.8% free acidity and is considered to have favorable flavor characteristics.

Onion - Onion (Allium cepa) is a bulb vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. Its close relatives include the garlic, scallion, shallot, leek and chive. They are usually served cooked as part of a prepared savory dish but can also be eaten raw or used to make pickles or chutneys.

Onions are normally available in three color varieties. Yellow onions are sweeter and are popular in European cuisine. Yellow onions turn a rich, dark brown when caramelised and give French onion soup its sweet flavor. Red onions are known for their sharp pungent flavor and are used in Asian cuisine. They are also used raw and in grilling. White onions are traditional in Mexican cuisine and are milder in flavor. They have a golden color when cooked and a sweet flavor when sauteed.

Onions are available in fresh, frozen, canned, caramelised, pickled and chopped forms. Onion powder is a seasoning made from finely ground, dehydrated onions, mainly the pungent varieties of bulb onions and has a strong odour and a long shelf life

Oregano - Oregano is a flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is native to temperate Western and Southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean region. Oregano is a culinary herb, used for the flavor of its leaves, which can be more flavorful when dried than fresh. It has an aromatic, warm and slightly bitter taste, which can vary in intensity

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Paprika - Paprika is a ground spice originating from Hungary, made from dried red fruits of sweeter varieties of the plant Capsicum annuum. It is traditionally made from Capsicum annuum varietals in the Longum group, which also includes chili peppers, but the peppers used for paprika tend to be milder and have thinner flesh. Paprika is used as an ingredient in numerous dishes throughout the world. It is principally used to season and color rices, stews and soups and in the preparation of sausages, mixed with meats and other spices

Parmesan cheese - Parmigiano-Reggiano or Parmesan (named after the Parma and Reggio Emilio regions of Italy) is an Italian hard, granular cheese that is produced from unpasteurized cow's milk and has aged 12-36 months. Parmesan is commonly grated over pasta dishes, stirred into soups and risottos and eaten on its own. It is often shaved or grated over other dishes like salads.

Parsley - Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae that is native to the central and eastern Mediterranean region, but has naturalized elsewhere in Europe, and is widely cultivated as a herb and a vegetable.

Parsley is a key ingredient in several Middle Eastern salads such as Lebanese tabbouleh and also often mixed in with the chickpeas or fava beans while making falafel (that gives the inside of the falafel its green color). Curly leaf parsley is used often as a garnish. Green parsley is used frequently as a garnish on potato and rice dishes, on fish, fried chicken, lamb, goose and steaks, as well in meat or vegetable stews

Pasta - is a staple food of Italian cuisine made from an unleavened dough of wheat flour mixed with water or eggs and formed into sheets or other shapes, then cooked by boiling or baking. Rice flour or legumes such as beans or lentils are sometimes used in place of wheat flour to yield a different taste and texture. Common forms of pasta include long and short shapes, tubes, flat shapes or sheets, served with some type of sauce

Pastrami - a meat product of Romanian origin usually made from beef brisket and sometimes from lamb or turkey. The raw meat is brined, partially dried, seasoned with herbs and spices, then smoked and steamed. Like corned beef, pastrami was originally created as a way to preserve meat before refrigeration

Peanut - The peanut (Arachis hypogaea), also known as the groundnut, is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics. It is classified as both a grain legume and due to its high oil content, an oil crop. Unlike other legumes, peanut pods develop under the ground.

Dry-roasting peanuts is a common form of preparation. Boiled peanuts are a popular snack in the southern US, India, China and West Africa. Peanut oil is often used in cooking because it has a mild flavor and is considered more healthier than saturated oils. Peanut butter is a spread made from ground dry roasted peanuts and often contains additional ingredients such as salt, sweeteners or emulsifiers

Pepper - Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, known as a peppercorn, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. When fresh and fully mature, the fruit is about 5 mm in diameter and dark red and contains a single seed. Peppercorns and the ground pepper derived from them may be described simply as pepper or more precisely as black pepper (cooked and dried unripe fruit), green pepper (dried unripe fruit) or white pepper (ripe fruit seeds).

Black pepper is native to South and Southeast Asia. Ground, dried and cooked peppercorns have been used in cooking since antiquity for flavor. Black pepper is the world's most traded spice

Pizza - Pizza is an Italian dish consisting of a usually round, flattened base of leavened wheat-based dough topped with tomatoes, cheese and often various other ingredients such as anchovies, mushrooms, onions, olives, pineapple, meat etc., which is then baked at a high temperature, traditionally in a wood-fired oven. A small pizza is sometimes called a pizzetta

Plantain - Plantains are banana cultivars in the genus Musa whose fruits are generally used in cooking, indigenous to the tropical regions of Southeast Asia and Oceania. Cooking bananas are a major food staple in the tropics. Bananas fruit all year round, making them a reliable all-season staple food. Cooking bananas are treated as a starchy fruit with a neutral flavor and soft texture when cooked and are most commonly prepared either fried, boiled or processed into flour or dough

Poke - Poke is a Hawaiian dish of diced raw fish that is served as an appetizer or a main course. The fish is gutted, skinned and deboned and served with traditional condiments such as sea salt, candlenut and seaweed.

Polenta - is a dish of boiled cornmeal originating from Italy. It may be served as a hot porridge or it may be allowed to cool and solidify into a loaf that can be baked, fried or grilled

Pomfret - is a perciform fish of the family Bramidae, that is found globally in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. It has an oval-shaped, relatively flat body and is light-silver to black in color. The fish meat is white in color. Some species of Pomfrets are also known as monchong in Hawaiian cuisine

Potato - The potato is a root vegetable native to the Americas, a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum, introduced to Europe from the Americas in the 16th century by the Spanish. They are a staple food in many parts of the world and were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat and rice.

Pot roast - Pot roast is a beef dish made by first browning a generously sized cut of meat before cooking it slowly over low heat for a long time on the stovetop, in the oven or in a slow cooker. A good amount of liquid like broth, water or wine is added to keep the heat even and moist, producing tender meat after several hours of cooking. Various vegetables like carrots or potatoes are usually added towards the end to make pot roast a complete meal. Unlike a beef stew, the meat in a pot roast is kept in one or more large pieces during cooking and the shredding or carving is done after the braising

Prosciutto - Prosciutto is an Italian dry-cured ham, aged over a year, that is usually thinly sliced and served uncooked. Prosciutto is often served in sandwiches and panini, sometimes in a variation on the Caprese salad, with basil, tomato and fresh mozzarella.

Provolone cheese - Provolone is an Italian aged, stretched-curd cheese and is produced in pear, sausage or cone shapes 10 to 15 cm long. Provolone is a semi-hard cheese with taste varying greatly from provolone piccante (sharp, piquant), aged for a minimum of four months and with a very sharp taste, to provolone dolce (sweet) with a very mild taste.

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Quiche - Quiche is a French tart consisting of a pastry crust filled with savory custard and pieces of cheese, meat, seafood or vegetables. A well-known variant is quiche lorraine, which includes lardons (small strips or cubes of fatty bacon or pork fat) or bacon. Quiche may be served hot, warm or cold.

Quesadilla - A quesadilla is a Mexican dish consisting of a tortilla that is filled primarily with cheese, and sometimes meats, spices and other fillings, and then cooked on a griddle or stove. Traditionally, a corn tortilla is used, but it can also be made with a flour tortilla.

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Radish - Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) is an edible root vegetable of the family Brassicaceae that was domesticated in Asia prior to Roman times. Radishes are grown and consumed throughout the world, eaten cooked or raw as a crunchy salad vegetable. Common varieties include Green, Daikon (white), Black, Oilseed, Wild and Red.

Red snapper - The northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) is a species of snapper native to the western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, where it inhabits environments associated with reefs. This species is commercially important and is also sought-after as a game fish

Ricotta cheese - Ricotta is an Italian whey cheese made from sheep, cow, goat or Italian water buffalo milk whey left over from the production of other cheeses. Like other whey cheeses, it is made by coagulating the proteins that remain after the casein has been used to make cheese, notably albumin and globulin.

Risotto - Risotto is a northern Italian rice dish cooked with broth until it reaches a creamy consistency. The broth can be derived from meat, fish or vegetables. Many types of risotto contain butter, onion, white wine and parmesan cheese. It is one of the most common ways of cooking rice in Italy. Saffron was originally used for flavor and its signature yellow color

Romano cheese - term used in the US and Canada for a class of hard, salty cheeses suitable primarily for grating similar to Pecorino Romano, from which the name is derived. Per FDA regulations, Romano cheese can be made from cow, goat or sheep's milk. It must contain less than 34% water and at least 38% milkfat.

The curd is drained, pressed into forms and the cheese is then soaked in brine for 24 hours and is then rubbed with salt and washed several times and then dry-cured. It is occasionally turned and scraped and may be coated with vegetable oil. Romano must be aged at least five months.

Rosemary - Salvia rosmarinus, commonly known as rosemary, is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple or blue flowers, native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which includes many other herbs.

Fresh or dried leaves are used as a flavoring in food. They have a bitter taste and a characteristic aroma which complements many cooked foods. When roasted with meats or vegetables, the leaves impart a mustard-like aroma with an additional fragrance of charred wood that goes well with barbecued foods. Herbal tea can be made from the leaves

Roux - Roux is flour and fat cooked together, typically in equal parts and used to thicken sauces. The flour is added to the melted fat or oil on the stove top, blended until smooth and cooked to the desired level of brownness. Butter, bacon drippings or lard are commonly used fats. Roux is used as a thickening agent for gravy, sauces, soups and stews. It provides the base for a dish and other ingredients are added after the roux is complete

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Saffron - Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, commonly known as the 'saffron crocus'. The vivid crimson stigma and styles, called threads, are collected and dried for use mainly as a seasoning and coloring agent in food. Saffron has long been the world's most costly spice by weight. It is believed that saffron originated in Iran, Greece or Mesapotamia.

Saffron has a grassy, hay-like aroma. Its taste has been noted as hay-like and sweet and it contributes a luminous yellow-orange coloring to foods

Sage - Sage (Salvia officinalis) is a perennial, evergreen subshrub with woody stems, grayish leaves and blue to purplish flowers. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae and native to the Mediterranean region. It has a long history of medicinal and culinary use.

Sage has for generations been listed as one of the essential herbs, along with parsley, rosemary and thyme. It has a savory, slightly peppery flavor.

Salmon - Salmon is an oily fish with a rich content of protein and omega-3 fatty acids. Salmon flesh is generally orange to red, although there are some white-fleshed wild salmon.

Most Atlantic salmon available on the world market are farmed, whereas the majority of Pacific salmon are wild-caught. Canned salmon in the US is usually wild from the Pacific Ocean, though some farmed salmon is available in cans. Smoked salmon is another preparation method and can either be hot or cold-smoked. Lox can refer either to cold-smoked salmon or to salmon cured in a brine solution (also called gravlax)

Scallion - Scallions (also known as green onions or spring onions) are vegetables derived from various species in the genus Allium. Scallions have a milder taste than most onions. Their close relatives include garlic, shallot, leek and chive.

Although the bulbs of many Allium species are used as food, spring onion species lack a fully developed bulb and have hollow, tubular green leaves growing directly from the bulb. These leaves are used as a vegetable, eaten either raw or cooked. The leaves are often chopped into other dishes, in the manner of onions or garlic

Scallop - Scallop is a common name that is primarily applied to any one of numerous species of saltwater clams or marine bivalve molluscs. Many species of scallops are highly prized as a food source and some are farmed as aquaculture. The largest wild scallop fishery is for the Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) found off north eastern US and eastern Canada.

Scallops are characterized by offering two flavors and textures in one shell - the meat, called 'scallop', which is firm and white and the roe, called 'coral', which is soft and often brightly colored reddish-orange.

Schnitzel - A schnitzel is a thin slice of meat that is usually thinned by pounding with a meat tenderizer. Most commonly, the meat is breaded before frying. Breaded schnitzel is popular in many countries and is made using veal, pork, chicken, mutton, beef or turkey.

Scone - A scone is a baked good of Hungarian origin, usually made of wheat or oatmeal with baking powder as a leavening agent and baked on sheet pans. A scone is often slightly sweetened and occasionally glazed with egg wash. The scone is a basic component of the cream tea. It differs from teacakes and other types of sweets that are made with yeast

Scotch bonnet - is a variety of chili pepper named for its resemblance to a hat. It is ubiquitous in West Africa and the Caribbean and have a heat rating of 100,000–350,000 Scoville units. These peppers are used to flavor many dishes worldwide and often used in hot sauces and condiments. The Scotch bonnet has a sweeter flavor and stouter shape, distinct from its habanero relative, and gives jerk dishes and other Caribbean dishes their unique flavor

Semolina - Semolina is the coarse, purified middlings (intermediate milling stage) of wheat mainly used in making couscous, pasta and sweet pudding

Sesame - Sesame is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa. Sesamum indicum, the cultivated type, originated in India and is tolerant to drought-like conditions, growing where other crops fail.

Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed. With a rich, nutty flavor, it is a common ingredient in cuisines across the world.

Sesame seed oil - Sesame oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from sesame seeds and is one of the earliest-known crop-based oils. Besides being used as a cooking oil, it is used as a flavor enhancer in many cuisines, having a distinctive nutty aroma and taste.

Shallot - The shallot is a type of smaller-sized onion, specifically a botanical variety of the species Allium cepa, probably originating in Central or Southwest Asia. Like garlic, shallots are formed in clusters of offsets with a head composed of multiple cloves. The skin color can vary from golden brown to rose red with an off-white flesh. Shallots taste somewhat like a common onion but have a milder flavor and are widely used in Asian cuisines

Shrimp - Shrimp (synonymous with prawns) are decapod crustaceans with elongated bodies and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion with long narrow muscular tails (abdomens), long whiskers (antennae) and slender legs. Crabs and lobsters have strong walking legs, whereas shrimp have thin, fragile legs which they use primarily for perching.

Shrimp are widespread and abundant and there are thousands of species adapted to a wide range of habitats. They can be found feeding near the seafloor on most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes.

The muscular tails of many shrimp are edible to humans and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption. Shrimp have high levels of omega-3 fatty acids and are a significant source of cholesterol. Usually shrimp is sold whole, though sometimes only the meat of shrimp is marketed.

Snappers - Snappers are a family of perciform fish, Lutjanidae, mainly marine, but with some members inhabiting estuaries, feeding in fresh water. The family includes about 113 species and some are important food fish with one of the best known being the red snapper.

Snappers inhabit tropical and subtropical regions of all oceans. Most are active carnivores, feeding on crustaceans or other fish, though a few are plankton-feeders.

Sourdough bread - Sourdough bread is made by the fermentation of dough using naturally occurring lactobacilli and yeast. It uses biological leavening rather than using cultivated baker's yeast. The lactic acid produced by the lactobacilli gives it a more sour taste and improved keeping qualities

Sour cream - Sour cream is a dairy product obtained by fermenting regular cream with certain kinds of lactic acid bacteria. The bacterial culture, which is introduced either deliberately or naturally, sours and thickens the cream by the production of lactic acid

Soy sauce - Soy sauce or soya sauce is an East Asian liquid condiment of Chinese origin, traditionally made from a fermented paste of soybeans, roasted grain, brine and Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds.

Soy sauce can be added directly to food and is used as a dip or salt flavor in cooking. It is often eaten with rice, noodles and sushi or sashimi or can also be mixed with ground wasabi for dipping. Bottles of soy sauce for salty seasoning of various foods are common on restaurant tables in many countries. Soy sauce can be stored at room temperature.

Usually dark brown in color, the taste of soy sauce is predominated by saltiness, followed by moderate umami, sweet taste, and finally slight bitterness, which is hard to perceive due to the masking effect of other tastes

Spinach - Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and western Asia. Its leaves are a common edible vegetable consumed either fresh or after storage using preservation techniques by canning, freezing or dehydration. It may be eaten cooked or raw and the taste differs considerably

Squash - Squashes are a kind of fruit that are in the same family (Cucurbitaceae) as gourds. Pumpkins and courgette (zucchini) are types of squashes. Although squash is a fruit according to its botanical classification, it is generally considered a vegetable in food preparation

Squid - Squid are cephalopods with elongated bodies, large eyes, eight arms and two tentacles. Like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral symmetry and a mantle. They are mainly soft-bodied, like octopuses, but have a small internal skeleton in the form of a rod, made of chitin.

Squid are used in cuisines around the world. The body can be stuffed whole, cut into flat pieces or sliced into rings. The arms, tentacles and ink are also edible.

Star anise - Star anise is a spice that closely resembles anise in flavor and is obtained from the star-shaped pericarps of the fruit of Illicium verum, a medium-sized evergreen tree native to northeast Vietnam and southwest China

Sweet potato - Sweet potatoes are large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots of the plant Ipomoea batatas (native to the tropical regions of the Americas), that are used as a root vegetable. The sweet potato is distantly related to the potato. Although the darker sweet potatoes are often referred to as 'yams' in parts of North America, the species is not related to true yams. Sweet potatoes are widely eaten baked, boiled or fried as a favored snack and the leaves and shoots are also edible

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Taco - A taco is a traditional Mexican dish consisting of a small hand-sized corn or wheat tortilla which is topped with a filling and then folded around the filling and eaten by hand. A taco can be made with a variety of fillings including beef, pork, chicken, seafood, vegetables and cheese, allowing great versatility and variety. They are often garnished with various condiments such as salsa, guacamole or sour cream, and vegetables such as lettuce, onion, tomatoes and chiles. Tacos are a common form of Mexican street food, which have spread around the world.

Tacos can be contrasted with similar foods such as burrito, which are often much larger and rolled rather than folded, taquitos which are rolled and fried or chalupas/tostadas, in which the tortilla is fried before filling.

Tahini - is a Middle Eastern condiment made from toasted ground hulled sesame. It is served by itself as a dip or as a major ingredient in hummus, baba ghanoush and halva

Tapioca - is a starch extracted from the storage roots of the cassava plant, native to South America. It provides only carbohydrate food value and is low in protein, vitamins and minerals. It is used as a thickening agent in various manufactured foods. Commercially, the starch is processed into several forms - hot soluble powder, meal, pre-cooked fine or coarse flakes, rectangular sticks and spherical pearls

Tart - A tart is a baked dish consisting of a filling over a pastry base with an open top not covered with pastry. The pastry is usually shortcrust pastry and the filling may be sweet or savory, though modern tarts are usually fruit-based, sometimes with custard. Tartlet refers to a miniature tart, e.g egg tarts.

Thyme - Thyme is the herb (dried aerial parts) of some members of the genus Thymus of aromatic perennial evergreen herbs in the mint family Lamiaceae. Thymes are relatives of the oregano genus Origanum. Thyme is sold both fresh and dried and the fresh form is more flavorful.

Tiger nut - Tiger nuts (called so because of stripes on the tubers) are edible tubers produced by Cyperus esculentus, a crop of the sedge family widespread across much of the world. The tubers are 0.3-1.9cm in diameter and the colors vary between yellow, brown and black. Tiger nuts are edible raw or cooked and have a slightly sweet, nutty flavor. They are quite hard and are generally soaked in water before they can be eaten, making them much softer and giving them a better texture. They are a popular snack in West Africa.

Tomatillo - The tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica and Physalis ixocarpa), also known as the Mexican husk tomato or the green tomato, is a plant of the nightshade family bearing small, spherical and green or green-purple fruit. Tomatillos originated in Mexico and were cultivated in the pre-Columbian era. A staple of Mexican cuisine, they are eaten raw or cooked in a variety of dishes, particularly salsa verde.

For salsa verde, it is harvested early, when the fruit is sour with a light flavor. For a sweeter taste, it can be picked later, when the fruit is seedier and is suitable as a tomato substitute. Tomatillos have diverse uses in stews, soups, salads, curries, stirfries, baking, cooking with meats, marmalade and desserts

Tomato - The tomato is the edible, often red berry of the tomato plant Solanum lycopersicum, originating in South and Central America and introduced to Europe by the Spanish. Though it is botanically a berry, a subset of fruit, the tomato is a vegetable for culinary purposes.

The tomato is grown and eaten around the world. It is used in diverse ways, including raw in salads or in slices, stewed, incorporated into a wide variety of dishes or processed into ketchup or tomato soup. Unripe green tomatoes can also be breaded and fried, used to make salsa or pickled. Tomato juice is sold as a drink and is used in cocktails such as the Bloody Mary

Tomato paste - Tomato paste is a thick paste made by cooking tomatoes for several hours to reduce the water content, straining out the seeds and skins and cooking the liquid again to reduce the base to a thick, rich concentrate. It is used to impart an intense tomato flavour to a variety of dishes such as pasta, soups and braised meat

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V

Vanilla - Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla, primarily obtained from pods of the Mexican species, flat-leaved vanilla (V. planifolia). Both the pod and the seeds are used in cooking. Vanilla is a widely used aroma and flavor compound for foods and beverages. Vanilla flavoring in food may be achieved by adding vanilla extract or by cooking vanilla pods in the liquid preparation

Vinegar - Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid and trace chemicals that may include flavorings. Vinegar typically contains 5-8% acetic acid by volume. Usually the acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol or sugars by acetic acid bacteria. There are many types of vinegar, depending on source materials, mainly used as a flavorful, acidic cooking ingredient or in pickling.



W

White vinegar - White vinegar, also called distilled or spirit vinegar, is made from the fermentation of grain alcohol (ethanol). It has a stronger and somewhat harsher flavor than other types of drinkable vinegar

Worcestershire sauce - is a fermented liquid condiment created in the city of Worcester, England during the first half of the 19th century. Its ingredients include vinegar, molasses, sugar, salt, anchovies, tamarind extract, onions, garlic, spices and flavourings.

Worcestershire sauce is frequently used to enhance food and drink recipes, including Welsh rarebit, Caesar salad, beef stew and deviled eggs as both a background flavor and a source of umami. It is also used directly as a condiment on steaks, hamburgers and other finished dishes and to flavour cocktails such as the Bloody Mary and Caesar.



Y

Yam - Yams are perennial herbaceous vines (family Dioscoreaceae) cultivated for the consumption of their edible starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions. The tubers come in a variety of forms owing to numerous cultivars and related species. Yams are consumed in a variety of preparations, such as flour or whole vegetable pieces

Yeast - Yeast is a single-celled micro-organism of the fungus family that converts its food - sugar and starch into carbon dioxide and alcohol through fermentation. It is widely used in baking and in producing alcoholic beverages. In baking it is used as a leavening agent as the CO2 forms pockets or bubbles and causes the dough to expand. The use of potatoes, water from potato boiling, eggs or sugar in the dough accelerates the growth of yeasts.

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ECONOMICS

B

Bonds - A Bond is a debt investment in which an investor loans money to an entity (corporate or governmental) that borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a fixed interest rate. Bonds are used by companies, municipalities, states and governments to finance a variety of projects and activities.

Bonds are commonly referred to as fixed-income securities and are one of the three main asset classes, along with stocks and cash equivalents.

The indebted entity (issuer) issues a bond that states the interest rate (coupon) that will be paid and when the loaned funds (bond principal) are to be returned (maturity date). Interest on bonds is usually paid every six months (semi-annually). The main categories of bonds are corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and Treasury bonds, notes and bills, which are collectively referred to as simply Treasuries.

Two features of a bond - credit quality and duration - are the principal determinants of a bond's interest rate. Bond maturities range from a 90-day Treasury bill to a 30-year government bond. Corporate and municipals are typically in the three to 10-year range.

Bonus shares - Bonus shares are shares distributed by a company to its current shareholders as fully paid shares free of charge - to capitalise a part of the company's retained earnings, for conversion of its share premium account or for distribution of treasury shares

A bonus share issue is usually based upon the number of shares that shareholders already own (n shares for each x shares held) but with fractions of a share not permitted. While the issue of bonus shares increases the total number of shares issued and owned, it does not change the value of the company. Although the total number of issued shares increases, the ratio of shares held by each shareholder remains constant, similar to a stock split.

C

Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) - The percentage of customers' deposits that banks have to hold as cash, as stipulated by the Central bank of the country. An institution that holds reserves in excess of the required amount is said to hold excess reserves. CRR affects the money supply in the country.

Credit rating - A credit rating is an evaluation of the credit worthiness of a debtor, especially a business (company) or a government. The evaluation is made by a credit rating agency of the debtor's ability to pay back the debt and the likelihood of default. A sovereign credit rating is the credit rating of a sovereign entity, i.e., a national government. The sovereign credit rating indicates the risk level of the investing environment of a country and is used by investors looking to invest abroad. It takes political risk into accounts.
Closed-end fund A closed-end fund functions much more like an exchange traded fund (ETF) than a mutual (open-end) fund. It is launched through an IPO in order to raise money and then traded in the open market just like a stock or an ETF. It only issues a set amount of shares and, although their value is also based on the NAV like open-end funds, the actual price of the fund is affected by supply and demand, allowing it to trade at prices above or below its real value.

Current Account - The current account is one of the two primary components of the balance of payments, the other being capital account. It is the sum of the balance of trade (i.e., net revenue on exports minus payments for imports), factor income (earnings on foreign investments minus payments made to foreign investors) and cash transfers.

The current account balance is one of two major measures of the nature of a country's foreign trade (the other being the net capital outflow). A current account surplus increases a country's net foreign assets by the corresponding amount, and a current account deficit does the reverse.

Current Account Deficit - Occurs when a country's total imports of goods, services and transfers is greater than the country's total export of goods, services and transfers. This situation makes a country a net debtor to the rest of the world.

A substantial current account deficit is not necessarily a bad thing for certain countries. Developing counties may run a current account deficit in the short term to increase local productivity and exports in the future.

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D

Debentures - Debentures are a type of debt instrument that is not secured by physical assets or collateral. Debentures are backed only by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the issuer. Both corporations and governments frequently issue this type of bond in order to secure capital. Like other types of bonds, debentures are documented in an indenture.

Debentures have no collateral. Bond buyers generally purchase debentures based on the belief that the bond issuer is unlikely to default on the repayment. An example of a government debenture would be any government-issued Treasury bond (T-bond) or Treasury bill (T-bill). T-bonds and T-bills are generally considered risk free because governments, at worst, can print off more money or raise taxes to pay these type of debts.

Debt funds - A debt fund is an investment pool, such as a mutual fund or exchange-traded fund, in which core holdings are fixed income investments. A debt fund may invest in short-term or long-term bonds, securitized products, money market instruments or floating rate debt. The fee ratios on debt funds are lower, on average, than equity funds because the overall management costs are lower.

The main investing objectives of a debt fund will usually be preservation of capital and generation of income. Performance against a benchmark is considered to be a secondary consideration to absolute return when investing in a debt fund.

Debt market (bond market) - A market where fixed-income securities of various types and features are issued and traded. Debt markets are therefore, markets for fixed-income securities issued by governments, Govt. bodies, Corporates, Financial institutions, Banks etc.



E

Equity - Equity represents the value that would be returned to a company’s shareholders if all of the assets were liquidated and all of the company's debts were paid off.

Equity investing is the business of purchasing stock in companies, either directly or from another investor, on the expectation that the stock will earn dividends or can be resold with a capital gain. Equity holders typically receive voting rights i.e they can vote on candidates for the board of directors and, if their holding is large enough, influence management decisions



F

Foreign Exchange Reserves - Foreign Exchange Reserves (forex reserves or FX reserves) are cash and other reserve assets such as gold held by a central bank or other monetary authority that are primarily available to balance payments of the country, influence the foreign exchange rate of its currency and to maintain confidence in financial markets. Reserves are held in one or more reserve currencies, mostly the US dollar and the euro.

Foreign exchange reserves assets can comprise banknotes, deposits and government securities of the reserve currency, such as bonds and treasury bills and some countries hold part of their reserves in gold.



G

Gross Domestic Product(GDP) - GDP measures the monetary value of final goods and services - those that are bought by the final user - produced in a country in a given period of time (say a quarter or a year). It counts all of the output generated within the borders of a country.



I

Initial public offering (IPO) - refers to the process of offering shares of a private corporation to the public in a new stock issuance for the first time. An IPO allows a company to raise equity capital from public investors

Institutional investors - Organizations which pool large sums of money and invest these sums in securities, real property and other investment assets. These organizations include Banks, Insurance companies, Retirement or Pension funds, Hedge funds, Investment advisors and Mutual funds



M

Market and limit orders - When an investor places an order to buy or sell a stock, there are two fundamental execution options - 'at the market' or 'at the limit'. Market orders are transactions meant to execute as quickly as possible at the present or market price. Conversely, a limit order sets the maximum price to buy or a minimum price to sell.

A market order deals with the execution of the order and the price of the security is secondary to the speed of completing the trade. Limit orders deal primarily with the price - if the security's value is currently resting outside of the parameters set in the limit order, the transaction does not occur.

Mutual funds - A mutual fund is an investment vehicle that is made up of a pool of funds collected from many investors for the purpose of investing in securities such as stocks, bonds, money market instruments and similar assets. Mutual funds are operated by money managers, who invest the fund's capital and attempt to produce capital gains and income for the fund's investors. A mutual fund's portfolio is structured and maintained to match the investment objectives stated in its prospectus.

One of the main advantages of mutual funds is that they give small investors access to professionally managed, diversified portfolios of equities, bonds and other securities, which would be quite difficult (if not impossible) to create with a small amount of capital. Each shareholder participates proportionally in the gain or loss of the fund. Mutual fund units, or shares, are issued and can typically be purchased or redeemed as needed at the fund's current net asset value (NAV) per share, which is sometimes expressed as NAVPS.

An Equity Fund or a stock fund is a mutual fund that invests principally in stocks. It can be actively or passively (index fund) managed. There are so-called "specialty" stock funds that target business sectors such as healthcare, commodities and real estate.

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N

New fund offer (NFO) - A new fund offer (NFO) is the first time subscription offer for a new scheme launched by the asset management companies (AMCs). An NFO is launched in the market to raise capital from the public in order to buy securities like shares, govt. bonds etc. from the market.

NFOs are similar to IPOs with an attempt to raise capital from the market and are offered for a stipulated period. After the NFO period, investors can take exposure in these funds only at the prevailing NAV.



O

Open-End Funds Open-end funds are known as mutual funds. They don't have a limit as to how many shares they can issue. When an investor purchases shares in a mutual fund, more shares are created, and when somebody sells his or her shares the shares are taken out of circulation. If a large number of shares are sold (called a redemption), the fund may have to sell some of its investments in order to pay the investor.

An open-end fund need not be watched in the same way as stocks because they don't trade on the open market. At the end of each trading day, the funds reprice based on the number of shares bought and sold. Their price is based on the total value of the fund or the net asset value (NAV).



P

Per capita income - Per capita income (PCI) is a measure of the amount of money earned per person in a nation. Per capita income can be used to determine the average per-person income for a nation and to evaluate the standard of living and quality of life of the population and is calculated by dividing the country's national income by its population.

Preferred shares/stock - A preferred stock is a class of ownership in a corporation that has a higher claim on its assets and earnings than common stock. Preferred shares generally have a dividend that must be paid out before dividends to common shareholders, and the shares usually do not carry voting rights. Preferred stock combines features of debt, in that it pays fixed dividends, and equity, in that it has the potential to appreciate in price.

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R

Repo rate - The interest that is paid by the buyer as part of a repurchase agreement (repo). The repurchase price should be greater than the original sale price, the difference effectively representing interest.

Repurchase agreement (repo) - A repo is economically similar to a secured loan, with the buyer (effectively the lender or investor) receiving securities as collateral to protect him against default by the seller. The party who initially sells the securities is effectively the borrower. Almost any security may be employed in a repo, though highly liquid securities are preferred as they are more easily disposed of in the event of a default and, more importantly, they can be easily obtained in the open market where the buyer has created a short position in the repo security by a reverse repo and market sale; by the same token, non liquid securities are discouraged. Treasury or Government bills, corporate and Treasury/Government bonds, and stocks may all be used as "collateral" in a repo transaction. Unlike a secured loan, however, legal title to the securities passes from the seller to the buyer.


S

Securities - A security or financial instrument is a tradable asset of any kind. Securities are broadly categorized into: debt securities (such as banknotes, bonds and debentures), equity securities, e.g., common stocks; and, derivative contracts, such as forwards, futures, options and swaps.

Shares - Shares are a unit of ownership interest in a corporation or financial asset. While owning shares in a business does not mean that the shareholder has direct control over the business's day-to-day operations, being a shareholder does entitle the possessor to an equal distribution in any profits, if any are declared in the form of dividends. The two main types of shares are common shares and preferred shares

Stock exchange - A stock exchange or bourse is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds and other financial instruments. Securities traded on a stock exchange include stock issued by listed companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds.

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T

Trade deficit - An economic measure of a negative balance of trade in which a country's imports exceeds its exports. A trade deficit represents an outflow of domestic currency to foreign markets.

Economic theory dictates that a trade deficit is not necessarily a bad situation because it often corrects itself over time. However, a deficit has been reported and growing in the United States for the past few decades, which has some economists worried. This means that large amounts of the U.S. dollar are being held by foreign nations, which may decide to sell at any time. A large increase in dollar sales can drive the value of the currency down, making it more costly to purchase imports.

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THE HOLY BIBLE

Corinthians

  • Don't you know that you yourselves are God's temple and that God's Spirit dwells in your midst? -- 3:16

  • Remember this: Whoever sows sparingly will also reap sparingly, and whoever sows generously will also reap generously. -- 9:6

  • Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. -- 13:4

  • And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love. -- 13:13


    Isaiah

  • I offered my back to those who beat me, my cheeks to those who pulled out my beard; I did not hide my face from mocking and spitting.

  • Just as there were many who were appalled at him -- his appearance was so disfigured beyond that of any man and his form marred beyond human likeness --

  • Surely he took up our infirmities and carried our sorrows, yet we considered him stricken by God, smitten by him, and afflicted.

  • But he was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was upon him, and by his wounds we are healed.

  • We all, like sheep, have gone astray, each of us has turned to his own way; and the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all.

  • He was oppressed and afflicted, yet he did not open his mouth; he was led like a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is silent, so he did not open his mouth.

  • By oppression and judgment he was taken away. And who can speak of his descendants? For he was cut off from the land of the living; for the transgression of my people he was stricken.

  • Surely, God is my salvation; I will trust, and not be afraid: for the Lord himself is my strength and my defense. He also has become my salvation. -- 12:2

  • And the work of righteousness shall be peace; and the effect of righteousness quietness and assurance for ever. -- 32:17



    Job

  • Can a mortal be more righteous than God? Can a man be more pure than his Maker?

  • I will say to God: Do not condemn me, but tell me what charges you have against me.

  • Does it please you to oppress me, to spurn the work of your hands, while you smile on the schemes of the wicked?

  • Your hands shaped me and made me. Will you now turn and destroy me?

  • Remember that you molded me like clay. Will you now turn me to dust again?

  • I know you can do everything and no thought can be withheld from you.



    John

    St. John the Baptist, (born 1st decade BC, Judea, Palestine, near Jerusalem, died 28-36 AD; feast day June 24), was a Jewish prophet of priestly origin who preached the imminence of God's Final Judgment and baptized those who repented in self-preparation for it; he is revered in the Christian church as the forerunner of Jesus Christ. After a period of desert solitude, John the Baptist emerged as a prophet in the region of the lower Jordan River valley. He had a circle of disciples, and Jesus was among the recipients of his rite of baptism.

  • For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. -- 3:16

  • I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in Me, though he may die, he shall live. And whoever lives and believes in Me shall never die -- 11:25-26

  • He who believes in Me, believes not in Me but in Him who sent Me. And he who sees Me sees Him who sent Me -- 12:44-45



    Life and sayings of Jesus

  • The breath has been given to you by the Lord, to be spent in prayer. Prayer should be lifelong; and your life should be one long prayer.

  • It's hypocritical for you to claim to love God, but to not be loving your fellow man as God commanded.

  • You can't serve two masters; you can't serve both God and money.

  • You need food, clothes, somewhere to live, and so on. What you really need is a relationship with God. If you sit around worrying about where you will get food, then you will probably not be concentrating on what should be the most important thing for you: loving God. The first thing you should be doing is seeking God, and then God will give you the food, clothes, etc, that you need.

  • If you fast just so that other people will think you are a holy person, you won't get any extra benefit out of it. If you're fasting, only let God know you're doing it.

  • Don't think about what other people will say about your good deed. If people find out about your good works and praise you, tell them that the praise and glory belongs to God.

  • One who exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself shall be exalted.

  • He who rules his spirit has won a greater victory than the taking of a city.

  • Love the Lord your God with all your heart, all your soul, all your mind and all your strength. This is the greatest commandment.

  • It is the thought-life that pollutes. For from within, out of men's hearts, come evil thoughts of lust, theft, murder, adultery, wanting what belongs to others, wickedness, deceit, lewdness, envy, slander, pride, and all other folly. All these vile things come from within; they are what that pollute you and make you unfit for God.

  • Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect. -- Matthew 5:44-48



    Matthew

    Matthew's distinctive compilation of the teaching of Jesus in the five discourses have understandably been treasured by Christians down through the ages.

  • Jesus called his disciples to him and said, "I have compassion for these people; they have already been with me three days and have nothing to eat. I do not want to send them away hungry, or they may collapse on the way."

  • Then said Jesus unto his disciples, If any [man] will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.
    For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: and whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it.
    For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul?

  • And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life?
    And Jesus said unto him, Why callest thou me good? [there is] none good but one, [that is], God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments.
    He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Honour thy father and [thy] mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.

  • Jesus said unto him, If thou will be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come and follow me.

  • Then said Jesus unto his disciples, Verily I say unto you, That a rich man shall hardly enter into the kingdom of heaven.

  • And again I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.

  • But Jesus beheld them, and said unto them, With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.

  • And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.

  • And every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my name's sake, shall receive an hundredfold, and shall inherit everlasting life.

  • Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moth and rust do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also. -- 6:19-21

  • Ask, and it shall be given you; Seek, and ye shall find; Knock, and it shall be opened unto you. -- 7:7



    Proverbs

  • Trust in God with all your heart, On your own intelligence rely not.

  • In all your ways, be mindful of God and He will make straight your paths

  • Be not wise in your own eyes, Fear God and turn away from evil. This will mean health for your flesh and vigour for your bones.

  • The fool immediately shows his anger but a shrewd man passes over an insult

  • God has made everything for His own ends, even the wicked for the evil day

  • Entrust your works to God and your plans will succeed

  • The fear of God is the beginning of knowledge, wisdom and instructions fools despise

  • Man's pride causes his humiliation, but he who is humble of spirit obtains honour

  • Boast not of tomorrow, for you know not what any day may bring forth

  • It is foolish to speak scornfully of others. If you are sensible you will keep quiet.

  • Hard work will give you power; Being lazy will make you a slave.

  • The rich and the poor have this in common; the Lord made them both.

  • It is better - much better - to have wisdom and knowledge than gold and silver.

  • Arrogance causes nothing but trouble. It is wiser to ask for advice.

  • Hot tempers cause arguments but patience brings peace.

  • A man's pride shall bring him low. But he that is of a lowly spirit shall obtain honor.

  • There is more hope of a fool than of a man who is hasty in his words.



    Psalms

  • Have mercy upon me, for I am weak! Heal me, for my bones are vexed! My soul is also vexed, but how long? Return, deliver my soul, save me for thy mercies' sake! For in death there is no remembrance of thee, in the grave who shall give thee thanks? -- 6:2-5

  • How long will you forget me, for ever? How long will you hide thy face from me? How long shall I take counsel in my soul, having sorrow in my heart daily? -- 13:1-2

  • But I have trusted in thy mercy; my heart shall rejoice in thy salvation. -- 13:5

  • How many are your works, O Lord! In wisdom you made them all; the earth is full of your creatures. There is the sea, vast and spacious, teeming with creatures beyond number - living things both large and small. -- 104:24-25

  • I will sing praise to my God while I have my being. My meditation of him shall be sweet. -- 104:33-34



    Book of Ecclesiastes ('the Philosopher')

    The old and traditional view of the authorship of this book attributes it to Solomon. This view can be satisfactorily maintained, though others date it from the Captivity. The writer represents himself implicitly as Solomon (1:12). It has been appropriately styled 'The Confession of King Solomon'. "The writer is a man who has sinned in giving way to selfishness and sensuality, who has paid the penalty of that sin in insatiety and weariness of life, but who has through all this been under the discipline of a divine education, and has learned from it the lesson which God meant to teach him." "The writer concludes by pointing out that the secret of a true life is that a man should consecrate the vigour of his youth to God."

    The key-note of the book is sounded in ch. 1:2, "Vanity of vanities! saith the Preacher, Vanity of vanities! all is vanity!" - i.e., all man's efforts to find happiness apart from God are without result.

    Vanity of Human Toil

  • What profit have we from all the toil which we toil at under the sun? -- 1.3

  • One generation departs and another generation comes, but the world forever stays. -- 1.4

  • I, Qoheleth, was king over Israel in Jerusalem, -- 1.12

  • and I applied my mind to search and investigate in wisdom all things that are done under the sun. A thankless task God has given to human beings to be busied with -- 1.13

  • I have seen all things that are done under the sun, and behold, all is vanity and a chase after wind (futile activity) -- 1.14

  • What is crooked cannot be made straight, and what is missing cannot be supplied -- 1.15

    To Others the Profits

  • What profit comes to a man from all the toil and anxiety of heart with which he has labored under the sun? For he must leave all his property to someone who has not labored over it -- 2.22

  • All his days sorrow and grief are his occupation; even at night his mind is not at rest. This also is vanity. -- 2.23

  • There is nothing better for man than to eat and drink and provide himself with good things by his labors. Even this, I realized, is from the hand of God. For who can eat or drink apart from him? -- 2.24

    There is a Time for Everything

  • There is an appointed time for everything, and a time for every affair under the heavens - Everything that happens in this world happens at the time that God chooses -- 3.1

  • A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to uproot the planted -- 3.2

  • A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to tear down, and a time to build -- 3.3

  • A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance -- 3.4

  • A time to scatter stones, and a time to gather them; a time to embrace, and a time to be far from embraces -- 3.5

  • A time to seek, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and a time to cast away -- 3.6

  • A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to be silent, and a time to speak -- 3.7

  • A time to love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace -- 3.8

  • God has made everything appropriate to its time, but has put the timeless (eternity) into their hearts so men cannot find out, from beginning to end, the work which God has done -- 3.11

  • I said in my heart, both the just and the wicked God will judge, since a time is set for every affair and for every work - God is going to judge the righteous and the evil alike, because everything, every action, will happen at its own set time -- 3.17

  • I said in my heart: As for human beings, it is God's way of testing them and of showing that they are in themselves like beasts - As for men, God tests them so that they may see that they are like the animals -- 3.18

  • For the lot of mortals and the lot of beasts is the same lot: The one dies as well as the other. Both have the same life breath. Human beings have no advantage over beasts, but all is vanity - Man's fate is like that of the animals; the same fate awaits them both: As one dies, so dies the other. All have the same breath; man has no advantage over the animal. Everything is meaningless -- 3.19

  • Both go to the same place; both were made from the dust, and to the dust they both return - All go to the same place; all come from dust, and to dust all return -- 3.20

  • Who knows if the life breath of mortals goes upward and the life breath of beasts goes earthward? - Who knows if the spirit of man rises upward and if the spirit of the animal goes down into the earth? -- 3.21

    Gain and Loss of Goods

  • The covetous are never satisfied with money, nor lovers of wealth with their gain; this too is vanity -- 5.9

  • Sleep is sweet to the labourer whether there is little or much to eat; but the abundance of the rich allows them no sleep -- 5.12

  • Here is what I see as good: It is appropriate to eat and drink and prosper from all the toil one toils at under the sun during the limited days of life God gives us; for this is our lot -- 5.17

  • Those to whom God gives riches and property, and grants power to partake of them, so that they receive their lot and find joy in the fruits of their toil: This is a gift from God -- 5.18

  • For they will hardly dwell on the shortness of life, because God lets them busy themselves with the joy of their heart -- 5.19

    Limited Worth of Enjoyment

  • What the eyes see is better than what the desires wander after. This also is vanity and a chase after wind - Enjoy what you have rather than desiring what you do not have. Just dreaming about nice things is meaningless; it is like chasing the wind -- 6.9

  • Whatever is, was long ago given its name, and human nature is known; mortals cannot contend in judgment with One who is stronger - Everything has already been decided. It was know long ago what each person would be. So there is no use arguing with God about your destiny -- 6.10

  • For the more words, the more vanity; what profit is there for anyone? - The more words you speak, the less they mean. So why overdo it? -- 6.11

    Critique on The Day of Adversity

  • It is better to go to a house of mourning than to a house of feasting. For that is the end of every mortal and the living should take it to heart -- 7.2

  • Sorrow is better than laughter. Because when the face is sad, the heart grows wiser -- 7.3

  • The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning, but the heart of fools is in the house of merriment - Someone who is always thinking about happiness is a fool. A wise person thinks about death -- 7.4

  • Do not let anger upset your spirit, for anger lodges in the bosom of a fool - Do not be quick-tempered, for anger is the friend of fools. Keep your temper under control. It is foolish to harbour a grudge -- 7.9

  • Do not say: How is it that former times were better than these? For it is not out of wisdom that you ask about this - Do not long for the "good old days", for it is not an intelligent thing to do -- 7.10

  • Consider the work of God. Do not fight the ways of God, for who can straighten out what he has made crooked -- 7.13

  • Enjoy prosperity while you can. But when hard times strike, accept it gracefully as they both are gifts from God. On a good day enjoy good things, and on an evil day consider: Both the one and the other God has made, so that man cannot find fault with him in anything -- 7.14

  • All these things I probed in wisdom. I said "I will acquire wisdom", but it was far beyond me -- 7.23

  • What exists is far-reaching; it is deep, very deep: Who can find it out? -- 7.24

  • No one is master of the breath of life so as to retain it, and none has mastery of the day of death. There is no exemption in wartime, nor does wickedness deliver those who practice it -- 8.8

  • I applied my heart to know wisdom and to see all the work that is done on earth, though neither by day nor by night do one's eyes see sleep, -- 8.16

  • and I saw all the work of God: No mortal can find out the work that is done under the sun. However much mortals may toil in searching, no one finds it out; and even if the wise claim to know, they are unable to find it out -- 8.17

  • Anything you can turn your hands to, do with whatever power you have; For there will be no work, no planning, no knowledge, no wisdom in the nether world where you are going -- 9:10

    The Time of Misfortune Is Not Known

  • Again I saw under the sun that the race is not won by the swift, nor the battle by the valiant, nor a livelihood by the wise, nor riches by the shrewd, nor favor by the experts; for a time of misfortune comes to all alike -- 9.11

  • Human beings no more know their own time than fish taken in the fatal net or birds trapped in the snare; like these, mortals are caught when an evil time suddenly falls upon them -- 9:12

    Poem on Youth and Old Age

  • However many years mortals may live, let them, as they enjoy them all, remember that the days of darkness will be many, all that is to come is vanity -- 11:8

  • Banish misery from your heart and remove pain from your body, for youth and black hair are fleeting -- 11.10

  • Remember your Creator in the days of your youth, before the evil days come and the years approach of which you will say, "I have no pleasure in them" - Do not cause the excitement of youth cause you to forget the Creator. Honour him before you grow old and no longer enjoy living -- 12.1

  • When one is afraid of heights, and perils in the street; When the almond tree blooms (white hair), and the locust grows sluggish (stiffness) and the caper berry is without effect (loss of appetite), Because mortals go to their lasting home, and mourners go about the streets -- 12.5

  • Before the silver cord is snapped and the golden bowl is broken, And the pitcher is shattered at the spring, and the pulley is broken at the well -- 12.6

  • And the dust returns to the earth as it once was, and the life breath returns to God who gave it -- 12.7

  • Vanity of vanities, says Qoheleth, all things are vanity! -- 12.8

  • The sayings of the wise are like goads; like fixed spikes are the topics given by one collector -- 12.11

  • As to more than these, my son, beware. Of the making of many books there is no end, and in much study there is weariness for the flesh -- 12.12

  • The last word, when all is heard: Fear God and keep his commandments, for this is man's all and concerns all humankind; -- 12.13

  • because God will bring to judgment every work, with all its hidden qualities, whether good or bad -- 12.14

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    QUOTES TO REMEMBER

    When wishes are few, the heart is happy. When craving ends, there is peace -- Buddha

    Do not dwell in the past, do not dream of the future, concentrate the mind on the present moment -- Buddha

    Don't find fault, find a remedy; anybody can complain -- Henry Ford

    Whether you think you can or you think you can't, you're right -- Henry Ford

    Life is a long lesson in humility -- James M. Barrie

    You must be the change you wish to see in the world -- Mahatma Gandhi

    Finish the few duties you have at hand, and then you will have peace -- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa

    The world is indeed a mixture of truth and make-believe. Discard the make-believe and take the truth -- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa

    Unalloyed love of God is the essential thing. All else is unreal -- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa

    Longing is like the rosy dawn. After the dawn out comes the sun. Longing is followed by the vision of God -- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa

    The goal of human life is the realization of the ultimate reality which alone can give man supreme fulfillment and everlasting peace. This is the essence of all religions -- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa

    The ultimate reality can be realized through various paths taught in world religions. All religions are true in so far as they lead to the same ultimate Goal -- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa

    Purity of mind is an essential condition for the attainment of the ultimate reality; real purity is freedom from lust and greed. External observances are only of secondary importance -- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa

    Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom -- Thomas Jefferson

    I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just; that his justice cannot sleep forever -- Thomas Jefferson

    When angry count to ten before you speak. If very angry, count to one hundred -- Thomas Jefferson

    I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have -- Thomas Jefferson

    The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing -- Walt Disney

    Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts -- Winston Churchill

    When you are going through hell, keep going -- Winston Churchill

    You can always count on Americans to do the right thing - after they've tried everything else -- Winston Churchill

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    Maintained by: VINCENT KANDASAMY, Database Architect/Administrator (kandasf@hotmail.com)
    Last updated: Aug 20, 12:54